/\    Cfl   VilV/wtt/fJi 


Technical  Series  No.  19. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU    OW    ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  O.  HOWARD.  Entomologist  and  Chief  «f  Bureau. 


TECHNICAL  RESULTS  FROM  THE  GIPSY  MOTH 
PARASITE  LABORATORY. 


CONTENTS  AND  INDEX 


Issued  October  18,  1910. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1916. 


Technical  Series  No.  19. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  O.  HOWARD.  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 


TECHNICAL  RESULTS  FROM  THE  GIPSY 
MOTH  PARASITE  LABORATORY. 


I.  THE  PARASITES  REARED  OR  SUPPOSED  TO  HAVE  BEEN  REARED 
FROM  THE  EGGS  OF  THE  GIPSY  MOTH.  , 

By  L.  O.  HOWARD,  Ph.  D. 

II.  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  CERTAIN  CHALCIDOID  PARASITES. 

By  J.  C.  CRAWFORD,  Assistant  Curator,  Division  of  Insects,  United  States  National  Museum. 

III.  INVESTIGATIONS  INTO  THE  HABITS  OF  CERTAIN  SARCOPHAGIDJE. 

By  T.  L.  PATTERSON,  Assistant  in  Biology,  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  Yale  University 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION 

By  W.  F.  FISKE,  In  Charge  of  Gipsy  Moth  Parasite  Laboratory,  Bureau  of  Entomology. 

IV.  THE  CHALCIDOID  GENUS  PERILAMPUS  AND  ITS  RELATIONS  TO 
THE  PROBLEM  OF  PARASITE  INTRODUCTION. 

By  HARRY  S.  SMITH,  Expert. 

V.  EXPERIMENTAL  PARASITISM:    A  STUDY  OF  THE  BIOLOGY  OF 
LIMNERIUM  YALIDUM  (CRESSON). 

By  P.   EL.  TIMBERLAKE,  A.  M.,  Agent  and  Expert,  Gipsy  Moth  Parasite  Laboratory. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVKRN&IENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1916. 


BUREAU  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

L.  0.  Howard,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 

C.  L.  Marlatt,  Entomologist  and  Assistant  Chief  of  Bureau. 

E.  B.  O'Leary,  Chief  Clerk  and  Executive  Assistant. 

F.  H.  Chittenden,  in  charge  of  truck  crop  and  stored  product  insect  investigations. 
A.  D.  Hopkins,  in  charge  of  forest  insect  investigations. 

W.  D.  Hunter,  in  charge  of  southern  field  crop  insect  investigations. 

,  in  charge  of  cereal  and  forage  insect  investigations. 

A.  L.  Quaintance,  wi  charge  of  deciduous  fruit  insect  investigations. 

E.  F.  Phillips,  in  charge  of  bee  culture. 

A.  F.  Burgess,  in  charge  of  gipsy  moth  and  brown-tail  moth  investigations. 

Rolla  P.  Currie,  in  charge  of  editorial  work. 

Mabel  Colcord,  librarian. 

Gipsy  Moth  and  Brown-tail  Moth  Investigations. 

A.  F.  Burgess,  in  charge. 

D.  M.  Rogers,  assistant  in  charge  of  gipsy-moth  quarantine. 

L.  H.  Worthley,  agent. 

C.  H.  T.  Townsend,  S.'S.  Crossman,  C.  W.  Collins,  F.  H.  Mosher,  R.  W.  Glaser, 

•    Reginald  Wooldridge,  J.  J.  Culver,  and  C.W.  Stockwell,  entomological  assistants. 

J.  N.  Summers,  J.  W.  Chapman,  J.  B.  Schaffner,  Jr.,  H.  A.  Preston,  W.  B.  Turner, 

C.  E.  Hood,  J.  J.  Pillsbury,  H.  W.  Allen,  R.  T.  Webber,  D.  W.  Jones,  and 

John  W.  Bradley,  scientific  assistants. 

G.  E.  Clement,  Willis  Munro,  and  D.  O.  Ingall.  assistants  in  forest  management. 


PREFACE. 


In  the  course  of  more  than  three  years'  work  with  the  parasites 
and  natural  enemies  of  the  gipsy  moth  and  brown-tail  moth,  nearly  all 
imported  from  Europe  or  Japan,  it  has  been  necessary  to  work  with  a 
number  of  species  new  to  science  and  to  make  the  most  careful  life- 
history  observations  upon  all  the  species  concerned  in  order  to 
ascertain  points  of  possible  importance  in  the  practical  handling  of 
the  material.  It  is  proposed  in  this  Technical  Series  No.  19  to  include 
a  series  of  short  papers  giving;  some  of  the  systematic  and  biological 
results  of  this  work,  the  practical  deductions  for  the  most  part  being 
reserved  for  consideration  in  the  bulletins  of  the  general  series. 

Technical  Series  No.  12.  Part  VI,  entitled  "A  Record  of  Results 
from  Rearings  and  Dissections  of  Taehinidac,"  by  Charles  EL  T. 
Townsend,  published  September  18,  1908,  really  should  have  started 
this  Technical  Series  No.  19,  since  it  directly  concerns  itself  with 
results  of  work  at  the  gipsy-moth  parasite  laboratory. 

The  laboratory  in  question,  it  should  be  stated,  is  now  stationed  at 
Melrose  Highlands,  Mass.  (No.  17  East  Highland  Avenue).  It  is 
conducted  with  the  cooperation  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  and 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

L.  ().  Howard. 

January  28,  1910. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Florida,  George  A.  Smathers  Libraries  with  support  from  LYRASIS  and  the  Sloan  Foundation 


http://archive.org/details/resultsOOunit 


CONTENTS.1 


Page. 
The  parasites  reared  or  supposed  to  have  been  reared  from  the  eggs  of  the 

gipsy  moth L.  0.  Howard. .  .1 

Introductory 1 

Family  Encyrtidee 2 

Subfamily  Encyrtinae 2 

Tribe  Mirini 2 

Genus  Schedius i 2 

Genus  Tyndarichus 5 

Subfamily  Eupelminae 7 

Tribe  Eupelmini 7 

Genus  Annstatus 7 

Family  Pteromalidse 8 

Subfamily  Sphegigasterinse 8 

Tribe  Pachyneurini 8 

Genus  Pachyneuron 8 

Family  Eulophida? .   9 

Subfamily  Elachertinse 9 

Tribe  Elaehertini 9 

Genus  Atoposomoidea 9 

Subfamily  Aphelininiv '. 11 

Tribe  Aphelinini 11 

Genus  Perissoph  ru& 11 

Family  Proctotrypidse 12 

Subfamily  Scelioninae 12 

Tribe  Telenomini 12 

Genus  Teh  nomus 12 

Descriptions  of  certain  chalcidoid  parasites J.  C.  Crawford. .  13 

Introduction 13 

Family  Chalcididae 13 

Subfamily  Chalcidinae 13 

Tribe  Chalcidini 13 

Genus  <  'hniris 13 

Family  Perilampida? 20 

Genus  Perilampus 20 

Family  Pteromalidse 21 

Subfamily  Pteromalinse 21 

Tribe  Pteromalini 21 

Genua  Hypopteromalus 21 

Family  Eulophidge 22 

Subfamily  Entedoninse 22 

Tribe  Entedonini 22 

Genus  Pburotropis 22 

Subfamily  Eulophinae 24 

Tribe  Eulophini 24 

Genus  THmmochia 24 

1  The  five  papers  constituting  this  bulletin  were  issued  in  separate  form  on  Jan.  2S  and  Apr.  30,  1910, 
Mar.  22,  1911,  and  Apr.  22  and  May  29,  1912,  respectively. 

VII 


VIII 


RESULTS   FROM    GIPSY    MOTH    PARASITE    LABORATORY. 


Investigations  into  the  habits  of  certaiu  Sarcophagidae T.  L.  Patterson. . 

Introduction  (by  W.  F.  Fiske^) 

General  conditions 

Collection  of  gipsy-moth  pupse  for  maggots  of  Sarcophagid* 

Experiments  with  adult  Sarcophagidae 

Experiments  with  first-stage  maggots  on  living  and  dead  material 

Relation  of  decomposition  to  oviposition 

Conclusion 

The  chalcidoid  genus  Perilampus  and  its  relations  to  the  problem  of  parasite 

introduction Harry  S.  Smith . . 

Introductory 

Biology  of  Perilampus  hyalinus  Say r 

Oviposition 

Reproductive  capacity 

1  'esoription  of  planidium 

Habits  of  planidium 

Life  as  a  parasite  of  Vcariehu  ta 

As  a  parasite  <  if  Lim  nejium  validum  Cresson 

As  a  parasite  of  summer-issuing  Hymenoptera 

As  a  parasite  of  other  hosts 

Later  larval  stages 

Pupati<  in 

Food  habits  of  the  adult 

Longevity  and  oogenesis 

Length  of  life  cycle  and  influence  of  temperature 

Effect  of  parasitism  upon  host 

Percentai:*1  of  parasitism 

Superparasitism 

Perilampu8  versus  Perilampm 

P<  rilampus  versus  Dibrachys 

Perilampus,  u species  A" 

Development  of  Orasema 

Planidium  of  Orasema  viridis  A.shmead 

Relationship  of  Eucharidse  and  Perilampidfle 

Rhipiphorw  and  other  coleopterous  parasites 

Host  relations  of  the  genus  Perilampus 

Rearing  records  of  Perilampus  hyalinus  at  the  laboratory 

Other  American  rearing  records  of  Perilampus 

European  rearing  records  of  Perilampus 

European  species  of  P<  rilampus  reared  at  the  laboratory 

Resume  of  host  relations  of  the  genus 

The  economic  aspects 

Experimental  parasitism:  A  Btudy  of  the  biology  of  Limner i am  validum 

son) P.  IT.  Timberlake . . 

Introduction ■ 

Experiments 

General  methods  of  experimentation 

Behavior  of  Limnerium  validum  (Cresson)  in  confinement 

Limnerium  validum  as  a  parasite  of  Euproctis  chrysorrho'a  (Linnaeus).. 

First  experiment 

Second  experiment 

Amoebocytosis  as  a  protective  reaction  of  the  host 

Adaptation  of  parasite  to  host 

Further  experiments  with  Euproctis  chrysorrh&a 


Page. 
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25 

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27 
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31 

33 

33 
34 

37 
39 
39 
41 

42 
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44 
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:>7 
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71 
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73 
74 
74 


CONTENTS.  TX 

Experimental  parasitism — Continued . 

Experiments — Continued.  Page. 

Limnerium  validum  as  a  parasite  of  Malacosoma  qmericana  (Fabricius  78 

Results  of  experiments  as  determined  by  dissection 78 

Emergence  of  adults  of  Limnerium  from  reproduction 79 

Length  of  the  stages  in  the  life  history  of  Limnerium 80 

A  possibly  normal  parasite  of  Malacosoma 80 

Limnerium  validum  a^  a  parasite  of  Nbtolophus  antiquus  (Linnaeus) ^ . .  81 

Limnerium  validum  as  a  parasire  of  P&rthetria  dispar  (Linnaeus) 82 

Experiments  with  other  hosts 83 

Notes  on  development  and  anatomy  of  the  larva 83 

The  egg 83 

The  first-stage  larva 84 

Description  of  the  newly  hatched  larva 84 

Function  of  the  tail  appendage 0  . .  £o 

Appearance  of  older  larvae 85 

Xotes  on  the  anatomy  of  the  larva 86 

The  second-stage  larva 87 

The  third-stage  larva 87 

Description  of  the  full-grown  larva . 87 

Feeding  habits  of  the  imprisoned  larva 8S 

Respiration  of  the  larva  in  the  third  stage 89 

The  cocoon 90 

Results  of  the  dissect i                             -ia  during  the  fall  of  1910 90 

General  summary 91 

Bibliograph  y 92 

Index 93 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Fig.  1.  Schedius  kuvanae:  Female 4 

2.  Schedius  kuvanae'.  Antennae  of  male  and  female 5 

3.  Schedius  kuvanae:   Tore  and  hind  wings  of  female 5 

4.  Tyndarichus  navae:  Antennae  of  male  and  female 6 

5.  Tyndarichus  navse:  Fore  and  hind  wings  of  female 6 

6.  Anastatus  Hfasdatus:  Female 7 

7.  Atoposomoidea  ogimae:  Female  and  details 9 

.8.   Chalcis  <>vata,  female:   Head,  showing  carina  at  front  of  malar  space  ...  15 

9.   Chalcis  ovate,  female:  Ventral  view  of  hind  coxa,  showing  tubercle...  15 

10.  Chalcis  ovata.  female:   Hind  femur  and   tibia,  shoving  markings 15 

11.  Chalcis  robusta,  female:   Hind  femur  and  tibia,  showing  markings 15 

12.  Chalcis  incerta.  female:  Hind  femur  and  tibia,  showing  markings 16 

13.  Chalcis  fiskei,  female:   Hind  femur  and  tibia,  showing  markings 16 

14.  Chalcis  fiskei,  female:  Head,  showing  carina  at  front  of  malar  space. ...  1G 

15.  Chalcis  obscurata.  female:   Bind  femur  and  tibia,  showing  markings i7 

16.  Chalcis  obscurata.  female:  Head,  showing  carina  at  front  of  malar  space  17 

17.  Chalcis  flavipes,  female:  Hind  femur  and  tibia,  showing  markings '      18 

18..  Chalcis  flavipes.  female:   Head,  showing  carina  at  front  of  malar  .-pace. .  18 

19.  Chalcis  minuta .  female:   Hind  femur  and  tibia. .showing  markings 18 

20.  Chalcis  minuta.  female:   Hind  femur,  inner  side,  showing  tubercle  near 

base IS 


UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 

■III 

RESULTS   FROM    GIPSY    MOTH    PARAS1'  3  1262  09216  5512 

rage. 

21.  Chalcis  minuta,  female:  Head,  showing  carina  at  front  of  malar  space. .  18 

22.  Chalcis  paraplesia,  female:  Hind  femur  and  tibia,  showing  markings..  19 

23.  Chalcis  paraplesia.  female:  Head,  showing  carina  at  front  of  malar  space  19 
24    Perilampus  hyalinus:  Planidium.  ventral  view 40 

25.  Perilampus  hyalinus:  Planidium.  dorsal  view 40 

26.  Pupa  of   Varickseta  aldrichi.  parasitized  by  Perilampus  hyalinus;  pupa 

of  same  unparasitized:  planidium  of  Perilampus  hyalinus.  before  and 

after  feeding 46 

27.  Perilampus  hyalin us:  Mature  larva 47 

28.  Perilampus  •  Fresh  pupa 48 

29.  Perilampus  hyalinus:  Pupa  just  previous  to  eclosion 48 

30.  Perilampus.  "  species  A  '':  Planidium.  ventral  view 56 

31.  Perilampus.  "species  A  ":  Planidium.  dorsal  view 56 

32.  Limnerium    validum:    Adult  female,  abdomen  of  male,  metascutum, 

cocoon 72 

33.  Limnerium  validum:  Egg 83 

34.  IAmnerium  validum:  Eclosion  of  larva 83 

35.  Limnerium  validum:  First-stage  larva ,  newly  hatched 84 

36.  Limnerium  validum:  First-stage  larva  of  large  size,  showing  silk  glands 

and  nervous  system 

37.  Limnerium  validum:  Mouthparts  of  first-stage  larva 86 

3S.  Limnerium  validum:  Second-stage  larva 87 

39.  Limnerium  validum:  Mouthpai  i  larva 87 

40.  Limni  Hum  validum:  Thin  rva 88 

41.  Limnerium  validum:  Anterior  view  of  head   of  third-stage  larva,  show- 

ing mouthparts 88     « 


ERRATA. 


Page  1,  line  3,  for  On  some  read  7  I 
Page  18,  line  4,  after  German  insert  period. 
Page  6b,  line  18,  omit  comma  after  parasites. 
Page  68,  line  19,  omit  comma  after  encountered. 
Page  72,  line  9,  for  Hypantria  read  Hyphantria. 
Page  76,  line  23,  for  incapsulatedie&d  encapsulated. 
Page  76,  line  24,  after  always  omit  comma. 
Page  76,  line  25,  after  frequently  insert  comma. 


